CAS: 23089-26-1: A Comprehensive Guide to its Properties and Applications

I. Introduction to CAS: 23089-26-1

In the vast and intricate world of chemical compounds, each CAS Registry Number serves as a unique identifier, a passport to a specific molecular entity. CAS: 23089-26-1 is one such identifier, representing a compound of significant interest in specialized industrial and research sectors. This guide aims to provide a comprehensive overview of this substance, demystifying its nature, characteristics, and utility. At its core, CAS: 23089-26-1 is an organic chemical compound, often categorized among fine chemicals or specialized intermediates. Its value lies not in household name recognition but in its functional properties that enable specific chemical transformations or impart desired characteristics in final products. Understanding this compound requires a foundational look at its basic chemical identity.

The systematic chemical name for CAS: 23089-26-1 is typically 1,3-Dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMDMH). This name, derived from IUPAC nomenclature rules, precisely describes its molecular structure. Like many chemicals, it is known by various synonyms in different contexts and regions, which is crucial for researchers sourcing materials. Common synonyms include DMDM Hydantoin and 1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione. It is also sometimes referenced by trade names from specific manufacturers. The molecular formula for this compound is C7H12N2O4. Its structure features a hydantoin ring—a five-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms—substituted with two hydroxymethyl groups (-CH2OH) at the 1 and 3 positions and two methyl groups (-CH3) at the 5 position. This specific arrangement of atoms is responsible for its key chemical behavior, particularly its role as a preservative and formaldehyde-release agent. It's worth noting that while discussing specialty chemicals, other compounds like CAS:41263-94-9 (often a pharmaceutical intermediate) and the renowned stress-protectant molecule Ectoin CAS NO.96702-03-3 serve different primary functions, highlighting the diversity within the chemical registry.

II. Properties of CAS: 23089-26-1

The utility of any chemical is intrinsically linked to its physical and chemical properties. For CAS: 23089-26-1 (DMDM Hydantoin), these properties define its handling, application, and efficacy. A detailed examination reveals why it is favored in specific industries over alternative compounds.

A. Physical Properties

DMDM Hydantoin typically presents as a white to off-white, crystalline powder or as a colorless to pale yellow liquid when in solution. Its physical constants are key for quality control and process design. The melting point ranges between 98°C to 102°C, indicating it is a solid at room temperature. It does not have a distinct boiling point under normal atmospheric pressure as it tends to decompose before boiling. Solubility is a critical parameter; DMDM Hydantoin is highly soluble in water, which is a primary reason for its widespread use in water-based formulations. It is also soluble in polar organic solvents like alcohols (e.g., ethanol, propylene glycol) but has limited solubility in non-polar solvents such as hydrocarbons. Its hygroscopic nature (ability to absorb moisture from air) necessitates careful storage. The following table summarizes key physical data:

B. Chemical Properties and Reactivity

Chemically, DMDM Hydantoin is classified as an organic compound that acts as a formaldehyde donor. It does not contain free formaldehyde in its pure state but releases it slowly and continuously in aqueous solutions through hydrolysis. This controlled release mechanism is the cornerstone of its antimicrobial action. The compound is relatively stable under acidic to neutral conditions but hydrolyzes more readily under alkaline conditions, accelerating formaldehyde release. It can participate in reactions typical of formaldehyde, such as cross-linking with proteins or other nitrogen-containing compounds. It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and strong bases, which can lead to rapid decomposition or unwanted reactions. Its reactivity profile is distinct from other preservatives or intermediates like CAS:41263-94-9, which may possess different functional groups geared towards synthesis rather than biocidal action.

C. Stability and Storage Conditions

To maintain the efficacy and safety of CAS: 23089-26-1, proper storage is paramount. The compound should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Recommended storage temperature is typically between 2°C and 25°C. The original container should be kept tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption (due to its hygroscopic nature) and contamination. Under these conditions, the solid form generally has a shelf life of 24 months or more from the date of manufacture. Solutions of DMDM Hydantoin are less stable and have a shorter shelf life due to the ongoing hydrolysis process; manufacturers often specify a use-by date for prepared formulations. It is crucial to store it separately from incompatible materials, including food and feedstuffs.

III. Applications of CAS: 23089-26-1

The applications of CAS: 23089-26-1 are predominantly driven by its dual functionality as a hydantoin derivative and a formaldehyde-releasing agent. Its use spans from laboratory benches to large-scale industrial production lines, demonstrating its versatility.

A. Use in Research and Development

In R&D settings, DMDM Hydantoin serves as a valuable tool and subject of study. Researchers utilize it as a model formaldehyde-release compound to study kinetics of hydrolysis, antimicrobial efficacy kinetics, and preservation system synergies. It is frequently employed in formulating prototype personal care products, paints, and adhesives to test preservation efficacy against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast, and mold. Studies often compare its release profile and activity to other preservatives to optimize for safety and performance. Furthermore, its role in cross-linking chemistry is explored in material science for creating modified polymers or resins. The research into its mechanism helps in understanding the broader class of formaldehyde donors, contributing to the development of newer, potentially safer alternatives. This investigative role parallels how researchers might study Ectoin CAS NO.96702-03-3 for its unique osmoprotectant properties in biotechnology.

B. Industrial Applications

The primary industrial application of CAS: 23089-26-1 is as a preservative and antimicrobial agent. Its ability to inhibit microbial growth in water-based systems makes it indispensable in several industries:

• Personal Care and Cosmetics: This is its most significant market. DMDM Hydantoin is found in shampoos, conditioners, hair styling gels, liquid soaps, skin creams, and makeup. It prevents spoilage and protects the consumer from potential infections by contaminating microbes. In Hong Kong's vibrant cosmetics market, which saw imports of cosmetic and skincare products valued at over HKD 60 billion in a recent year, effective preservation is non-negotiable for product safety and shelf-life.
• Paints and Coatings: Water-based (latex) paints are susceptible to bacterial and fungal degradation, which can cause odor, spoilage, and performance issues. DMDM Hydantoin is added as an in-can preservative to ensure product stability during storage.
• Adhesives and Sealants: Similar to paints, water-based adhesives require protection from microbial attack to maintain viscosity and bonding properties.
• Industrial Fluids: It is used in metalworking fluids, drilling muds, and other aqueous industrial systems where microbial control is necessary to prevent corrosion, foul odors, and system breakdown.

C. Pharmaceutical or Agricultural Applications

While not a direct active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), DMDM Hydantoin finds limited use in the pharmaceutical sector primarily as a preservative in topical formulations, such as medicated creams, ointments, and lotions, where sterility is not required but microbial growth must be controlled. Its use is carefully regulated and must comply with pharmacopoeial standards. In agriculture, its direct application is minimal. However, its chemical cousin, hydantoin derivatives, are used in some herbicides and fungicides. The focus for DMDM Hydantoin remains on non-crop, industrial biocidal functions. This contrasts with compounds like CAS:41263-94-9, which may be a key intermediate in synthesizing agrochemicals or pharmaceuticals, representing a different branch of chemical application.

IV. Safety Information and Handling

Responsible handling of CAS: 23089-26-1 is essential due to its inherent hazards as a chemical substance and formaldehyde releaser. Adherence to safety protocols protects personnel, the environment, and ensures regulatory compliance.

A. Hazard Statements and Precautionary Measures

According to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS), DMDM Hydantoin is typically classified with specific hazard statements. It is often labeled as:

• H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction.
• H319: Causes serious eye irritation.
• H335: May cause respiratory irritation.
• H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects (primarily due to formaldehyde release).
• H351: Suspected of causing cancer (primarily due to formaldehyde release).

Precautionary measures (P-codes) include: P261 (Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray), P280 (Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection), P305+P351+P338 (IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing). It is imperative to use this material in well-ventilated areas, preferably within a fume hood for powder handling. Engineering controls like local exhaust ventilation are recommended. Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile), safety goggles, and lab coats or protective clothing must be worn.

B. First Aid Measures

In case of exposure, immediate action is required:

• Inhalation: Move person to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
• Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing immediately. Wash skin thoroughly with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical advice if irritation or rash develops.
• Eye Contact: Rinse cautiously with water for at least 15 minutes, holding eyelids open. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Obtain immediate medical attention.
• Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Seek immediate medical attention.

C. Proper Disposal Methods

Disposal must comply with all applicable local, regional, and national regulations. In Hong Kong, disposal of chemical waste is strictly governed by the Waste Disposal Ordinance and the Chemical Waste Control Scheme. Waste containing CAS: 23089-26-1 should not be disposed of with general waste, down the drain, or into the environment. It should be collected as chemical waste. Typically, small quantities in laboratories are accumulated in appropriate, labeled containers. Licensed chemical waste collectors must then handle the waste for treatment and disposal at licensed facilities, which may involve incineration or other approved methods. Manufacturers and large-scale users must have detailed waste management plans in place.

V. Suppliers and Availability

CAS: 23089-26-1 is commercially available from a global network of chemical suppliers, ranging from large multinational corporations to specialized fine chemical distributors. Its availability is generally good due to its established use in multiple industries.

A. List of Major Suppliers

Several reputable companies are known to produce or supply DMDM Hydantoin. These include:

• Lonza Group: A leading global supplier of specialty chemicals, offering DMDM Hydantoin under their Glydant® product line.
• Clariant: Supplies this compound as part of their preservative portfolio for personal care and industrial applications.
• Thor Specialties (UK) Ltd.: Produces and markets it under various brand names.
• Shanghai Likang Disinfectant Hi-Tech Co., Ltd.: One of the major manufacturers in Asia.
• Various Distributors: Companies like Sigma-Aldrich (Merck), TCI Chemicals, and Alfa Aesar supply it for research and development purposes in smaller quantities.

In the Hong Kong market, these products are typically sourced through local chemical distributors or agents representing the international manufacturers, catering to the city's manufacturing and formulation industries.

B. Purity Grades and Availability

The compound is available in different purity grades tailored to its end-use:

• Technical Grade (≈55% solution): The most common commercial form is a clear, aqueous solution containing approximately 55% DMDM Hydantoin. This is the workhorse grade for industrial formulations in personal care and paints.
• High Purity Grade (>98%): Available as a solid (crystalline powder) for research, analytical, and specific formulation needs where precise concentration control is required.
• Cosmetic Grade: Meets additional specifications and quality controls for use in personal care products, often with certificates of analysis confirming the absence of heavy metals and specific impurities.

Availability is usually in drums (e.g., 25 kg, 200 kg) for the liquid solution and in kilograms for the solid powder. Lead times can vary but are generally short due to established production. It is important to note that while sourcing this material, one might also encounter suppliers for other specialty chemicals like Ectoin CAS NO.96702-03-3, which is sought after for high-end skincare and biostabilization, representing a different, often higher-value segment of the fine chemicals market.

VI. Key Takeaways about CAS: 23089-26-1

CAS: 23089-26-1, identified as DMDM Hydantoin, is a specialized organic compound with significant utility as a formaldehyde-releasing preservative. Its defining characteristics include high water solubility, a specific hydantoin ring structure, and a controlled-release antimicrobial mechanism. The compound's primary value lies in its ability to protect water-based formulations—from shampoos and skin creams to latex paints and industrial fluids—from microbial spoilage, thereby ensuring product safety, stability, and longevity. Handling requires strict adherence to safety protocols due to hazards associated with skin sensitization, eye irritation, and the potential release of formaldehyde. It is widely available from global chemical suppliers in both liquid solution and solid powder forms, catering to industrial and research needs. While it shares the CAS registry system with diverse molecules like the intermediate CAS:41263-94-9 and the compatible solute Ectoin CAS NO.96702-03-3, DMDM Hydantoin occupies a distinct niche focused on preservation. Its continued use is balanced by ongoing research into its safety profile and the development of alternative preservation systems, reflecting the dynamic nature of industrial chemistry and product stewardship.